Few definitions recognized the role of water security interventions in increasing capabilities and prosperity. First, only 30.3% of publications defined the concept, mostly using frames of ‘adequate’, ‘sufficient’, and ‘acceptable’ water-related risks. Publications (n = 99) featured diverse methodologies and geographical contexts, and recognized simultaneous drivers of water insecurity and solution strategies for water security. To fill this gap, a systematic scoping review of refereed journal articles (2000–2019) was conducted to examine how water security is defined, driven, and addressed for rural livelihoods in the global South. The conceptualization and application of the water security concept in relation to rural livelihoods has not been reviewed in this context. In the global South, rural and resource-based livelihoods increasingly face water-related risks.
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